Genetics is the field of health sciences that has advanced rapidly during the recent years. It has attracted the interest of health professionals, since it has offered the tools for diagnosis, population screening and molecular testing. At the same time, several ethical dilemmas have developed at a personal, social, religious and professional level. Education of the public on genetic testing is a difficult task. Genetic Counseling has developed to cover the need for provision of medical information to patients and their families and to offer psychological support.

The first graduate-level genetic counselor training program was established in 1969  in Sarah Lawrence College, N.Y., U.S.A. Since then, the profession has evolved and spread throughout the world.

Genetic Counseling translates genetic knowledge into practical information for individuals and families.  Genetic counselors have special expertise in genetics and are experienced in helping families understanding the mechanisms of inheritance. They provide information that helps families make personal decisions on pregnancy and childcare and on using genetic testing and treatment for various health problems.

Although specific birth defects may seem relatively uncommon, all together occur in about 7% of all births and the total number of affected families is well in the millions. Some of these defects, though present at birth, do not become apparent until months or years later. Birth defects can cause unfavorable “living conditions” for the fetus during prenatal development. Often birth defects reflect a combination of heredity and environment.

Genetic counselors can estimate the probability that a given abnormality can occur in the same family. To assess the likelihood the genetic counselor will educate the couple on the basic laws of heredity, will obtain a detailed medical and family history (pedigree) and will evaluate genetic test results.

Genetic counseling is the first step to prevention of birth defects. However, it will also educate and support families with an affected individual. It is useful to all couples who are expecting or are planning a family. Most couples will be reassured through the process of genetic counseling.